俄fyodordostoyevsky的小说作品

本套书是俄国作家陀思妥耶夫斯基创作的代表作品集。为英文版，英语爱好者不可错过。以《罪与罚》为例，小说描写穷大学生拉斯柯尔尼科夫受无政府主义思想毒害，认为自己可以为所欲为。为生计所迫，他杀死放高利贷的老太婆阿廖娜和她的无辜妹妹丽扎韦塔，制造了一起震惊全俄的凶杀案。经历了一场内心痛苦的忏悔后，他最终在索尼娅姑娘的规劝下，投案自首，被判流放西伯利亚。作品着重刻画主人公犯罪后的心理变化，揭示俄国下层人民的苦难生活。鲁迅曾评价说：“要将现在中国人的东西和外国的东西比较起来，像陀思妥耶夫斯基的《罪与罚》，对比起来，真是望尘莫及。

TheGamblerisashortnovelbyFyodorDostoevskyaboutayoungtutornamedAlexeiIvanovichintheemploymentofaaRussianfamily.Thefirst-personnarrativeistoldfromthepointofviewofhim,heislivinginasuiteataGermanhotel.Thepatriarchofthefamily,TheGeneral,isindebtedtotheFrenchmandeGriersandhasmortgagedhispropertyinRussiatopayonlyasmallamountofhisdebt.Uponlearningoftheillnessofhiswealthyaunt,"Grandmother",hesendsstreamsoftelegramstoMoscowandawaitsthenewsofherdemise.HisexpectedinheritancewillpayhisdebtsandgainMademoiselleBlanchedeCominges'shandinmarriage.Itisastunningpsychologicalportraitofayoungman'sexhilaratinganddestructiveaddiction,acompulsionthatDostoevsky–whooncegambledawayhisyoungwife'sweddingring–knewintimatelyfromhisownexperience.Inthedisastrousloveaffairsandgamblingadventuresofhischaracter,AlexeiIvanovich,DostoevskyexplorestheirresistibletemptationtolookintotheabyssofultimateriskthathebelievedwasanessentialpartoftheRussiannationalcharacter.Dostoevskycompletedthenovelunderastrictdeadlinetopayoffgamblingdebts.

NotesfromUnderground(alsotranslatedinEnglishasNotesfromtheUndergroundorLettersfromtheUnderworldwhileNotesfromUndergroundisthemostliteraltranslation)isashortnovelbyFyodorDostoevsky,whoisaRussiannovelist,shortstorywriter,essayist,journalistandphilosopher,publishedin1864.Itisconsideredbymanytobetheworld'sfirstexistentialistnovel.Itpresentsitselfasanexcerptfromtheramblingmemoirsofabitter,isolated,unnamednarrator(generallyreferredtobycriticsastheUndergroundMan)whoisaretiredcivilservantlivinginSt.Petersburg.Thenovelincludestwoparts:Thefirstpartofthestoryistoldinmonologueform,ortheundergroundman'sdiary,andattacksemergingWesternphilosophy,especiallyNikolayChernyshevsky'sWhatIstoBeDone?

《穷人》是陀思妥耶夫斯基的处女作，创作于1844至1845年间，以书信体形式展开。故事围绕两位贫困的表兄妹——小职员玛卡尔·德沃什金和乡村教师瓦尔瓦拉·多布罗谢洛娃展开。德沃什金是一个卑微的公务员，痴迷于文学与艺术，通过书信向多布罗谢洛娃倾诉自己的孤独与对理想的执着。然而，多布罗谢洛娃在遇到富商比科夫后，逐渐疏远了这段精神羁绊，最终选择婚姻而非文学。小说深刻描绘了19世纪俄国底层人民的生存困境，揭露了阶级差异对人性的撕裂：德沃什金的纯粹与多布罗谢洛娃的现实形成鲜明对比，而书信中细腻的情感流动则成为自然主义文学的典范。作品因对社会问题的尖锐批判被誉为“俄罗斯首部社会小说”，但也因夹杂讽刺与荒诞引发争议，成为文学史上兼具人文关怀与复杂性的经典之作。

TheDoubleisanovellawrittenbyFyodorDostoevsky.ItwasfirstpublishedonJanuary30,1846intheFatherlandNotes.ItwassubsequentlyrevisedandrepublishedbyDostoevskyin1866.TheDoublecentersonagovernmentclerkwhogoesmad.Itdealswiththeinternalpsychologicalstruggleofitsmaincharacter,YakovPetrovichGolyadkin,whorepeatedlyencounterssomeonewhoishisexactdoubleinappearancebutconfident,aggressive,andextroverted,characteristicsthatarethepolaroppositestothoseofthetoadying"pushover"protagonist.Themotifofthenovellaisadoppelg?nger(Russian"dvoynik"),knownthroughouttheworldinvariousguisessuchasthefetch.AseriesoffauxpasleadtoGolyadkin'sexpulsionfromthebirthdaypartyofhisofficemanager'sdaughter.Onhiswayhomethroughasnowstorm,heencountershisdouble,wholooksexactlylikehim.Atthestory'sconclusion,GolyadkinSr.beginstoseemanyreplicasofhimself,hasapsychoticbreak,andisdraggedofftoanasylumbyDoctorRutenspitz.

TheIdiotisanovelbythe19th-centuryRussianauthorFyodorDostoevsky.ItwasfirstpublishedseriallyinthejournalTheRussianMessengerin1868–9.Thetitleisanironicreferencetotheheroofthenovel,Prince(Knyaz)LevNikolayevichMyshkin,ayoungmanwhosegoodness,open-heartedsimplicityandguilelessnessleadmanyofthemoreworldlycharactersheencounterstomistakenlyassumethathelacksintelligenceandinsight.Inthenovel,DostoevskydepictsPrinceMyshkinas"thepositivelygoodandbeautifulman."Howerver,returningtoRussiafromasanitariuminSwitzerland,theChrist-likeepilepticPrinceMyshkinfindshimselfenmeshedinatangleoflove,tornbetweentwowomen—thenotoriouskeptwomanNastasyaandthepureAglaia—bothinvolved,inturn,withthecorrupt,money-hungryGanya.Intheend,Myshkin'shonesty,goodness,andintegrityareshowntobeunequaltothemoralemptinessofthosearoundhim.Thenovelexaminestheconsequencesofplacingsuchauniqueindividualatthecentreoftheconflicts,desires,passionsandegoismofworldlysociety.

本书为公版书，为不受著作权法限制的作家、艺术家及其它人士发布的作品，供广大读者阅读交流。汇聚授权电子版权。

TheIdiotisanovelbythe19th-centuryRussianauthorFyodorDostoevsky.ItwasfirstpublishedseriallyinthejournalTheRussianMessengerin1868–9.Thetitleisanironicreferencetotheleadingcharacterinthenovel,Prince(Knyaz)LevNikolayevichMyshkin,ayoungmanwhoisfullofgoodness,open-heartedsimplicityandguilelessness.InthecharacterofPrinceMyshkin,Dostoevskysethimselfthetaskofdepicting"thepositivelygoodandbeautifulman."Howerver,returningtoRussiafromasanitariuminSwitzerland,theChrist-likeepilepticPrinceMyshkinfindshimselfenmeshedinatangleoflove,tornbetweentwowomen—thenotoriouskeptwomanNastasyaandthepureAglaia—bothinvolved,inturn,withthecorrupt,money-hungryGanya.Intheend,Myshkin'shonesty,goodness,andintegrityareshowntobeunequaltothemoralemptinessofthosearoundhim.Thenovelexaminestheconsequencesofplacingsuchauniqueindividualatthecentreoftheconflicts,desires,passionsandegoismofworldlysociety,bothforthemanhimselfandforthosewithwhomhebecomesinvolved.

NotesfromUnderground(alsotranslatedinEnglishasNotesfromtheUndergroundorLettersfromtheUnderworldwhileNotesfromUndergroundisthemostliteraltranslation)isan1864novelbyFyodorDostoevsky,whoisaRussiannovelist,shortstorywriter,essayist,journalistandphilosopher.Itisconsideredbymanytobeoneoftheworld'sfirstexistentialistnovels.Itpresentsitselfasanexcerptfromtheramblingmemoirsofabitter,isolated,unnamednarrator(generallyreferredtobycriticsastheUndergroundMan)whoisaretiredcivilservantlivinginSt.Petersburg.Thefirstpartofthestoryistoldinmonologueform,ortheundergroundman'sdiary,andattacksemergingWesternphilosophy.Thesecondpartofthebookiscalled"AproposoftheWetSnow"anddescribescertaineventsthatappeartobedestroyingandsometimesrenewingtheundergroundman,whoactsasafirstperson,unreliablenarratorandanti-hero.

TheIdiotisanovelbythe19th-centuryRussianauthorFyodorDostoevsky.Thetitleisanironicreferencetotheleadingcharacterinthenovel,Prince(Knyaz)LevNikolayevichMyshkin,ayoungmanwhoisfullofgoodness,open-heartedsimplicityandguilelessness.InthecharacterofPrinceMyshkin,Dostoevskysethimselfthetaskofdepicting"thepositivelygoodandbeautifulman."Howerver,returningtoRussiafromasanitariuminSwitzerland,theChrist-likeepilepticPrinceMyshkinfindshimselfenmeshedinatangleoflove,tornbetweentwowomen—thenotoriouskeptwomanNastasyaandthepureAglaia—bothinvolved,inturn,withthecorrupt,money-hungryGanya.Intheend,Myshkin'shonesty,goodness,andintegrityareshowntobeunequaltothemoralemptinessofthosearoundhim.Thenovelexaminestheconsequencesofplacingsuchauniqueindividualatthecentreoftheconflicts,desires,passionsandegoismofworldlysociety,bothforthemanhimselfandforthosewithwhomhebecomesinvolved.

《地下室手记》是陀思妥耶夫斯基于1864年发表的短篇小说，被誉为世界文学史上首部存在主义小说。小说以第一人称视角展开，通过一名隐居彼得堡的退休公务员——即“地下室人”的疯狂独白，揭露人性深处的矛盾与荒诞。第一部分“地下室”以哲学辩论为核心，主人公对理性主义、功利主义和社会进步展开激烈批判，揭露人类自由意志与逻辑计算之间的永恒冲突。他宣称“二加二不等于四”，质疑西方哲学对人性的简化，强调非理性与自我毁灭冲动的合理性。第二部分“关于湿雪的插曲”转入具象叙事：主人公因虚荣与报复心，故意羞辱旧识，却又在目睹对方遭遇不幸时陷入自我撕裂。这场充满病态心理的“雪夜事件”，展现了角色在傲慢与自卑、控制欲与无力感之间的挣扎。全书以碎片化的意识流、尖锐的自我剖析和充满悖论的逻辑，构建了一个充满存在焦虑的黑暗精神世界，深刻影响了后世存在主义与现代主义文学。

Thepoverty-strickenRaskolnikov,believingheisexemptfrommorallaw,murdersamanonlytofacetheconsequencesnotonlyfromsocietybutfromhisconscience,inthisseminalstoryofjustice,morality,andredemptionfromoneofRussia'sgreatestnovelists.Thenoveliscompellingandrewarding,fullofmeaningandsymbolism,andraisesprofoundquestionsabouttheindividualandsociety,andthenatureoffreewill.

PoorFolkisthefirstnovelbyFyodorDostoyevsky,writtenoverthespanofninemonthsbetween1844and1845.InspiredbytheworksofGogol,Pushkin,andKaramzin,aswellasEnglishandFrenchauthors,PoorFolkiswrittenintheformoflettersbetweenthetwomaincharacters,MakarDevushkinandVarvaraDobroselova,whoarepoorsecondcousins.Thenovelshowcasesthelifeofpoorpeople,theirrelationshipwithrichpeople,andpovertyingeneral,allcommonthemesofliterarynaturalism.AdeepbutoddfriendshipdevelopsbetweenthemuntilDobroselovalosesherinterestinliterature,andlaterincommunicatingwithDevushkinafterarichwidowerMr.Bykovproposestoher.Devushkin,aprototypeoftheclerkfoundinmanyworksofnaturalisticliteratureatthattime,retainshissentimentalcharacteristics;Dobroselovaabandonsart,whileDevushkincannotlivewithoutliterature.

TheGamblerisashortnovelbyFyodorDostoevskyaboutayoungtutor,AlexeiIvanovich.Thefirst-personnarrativeistoldfromthepointofviewofhim.Thepatriarchofthefamily,TheGeneral,isindebtedtotheFrenchmandeGriersandhasmortgagedhispropertyinRussiatopayonlyasmallamountofhisdebt.Uponlearningoftheillnessofhiswealthyaunt,"Grandmother",hesendsstreamsoftelegramstoMoscowandawaitsthenewsofherdemise.HisexpectedinheritancewillpayhisdebtsandgainMademoiselleBlanchedeCominges'shandinmarriage.Itisastunningpsychologicalportraitofayoungman'sexhilaratinganddestructiveaddiction,acompulsionthatDostoevskyknewintimatelyfromhisownexperience.Inthedisastrousloveaffairsandgamblingadventuresofhischaracter,AlexeiIvanovich,DostoevskyexplorestheirresistibletemptationtolookintotheabyssofultimateriskthathebelievedwasanessentialpartoftheRussiannationalcharacter.TheGamblerwaswrittenunderthepressureofcrushingdebt.Dostoevskycompletedthenovelunderastrictdeadlinetopayoffgamblingdebts.

Apoorstudent,killsapawnbrokerandhersister,andthenhastofaceuptothemoralconsequencesofhisactions.Thenoveliscompellingandrewarding,fullofmeaningandsymbolism,andraisesprofoundquestionsabouttheindividualandsociety,andthenatureoffreewill.murdersamanonlytofacetheconsequencesnotonlyfromsocietybutfromhisconscience,inthisseminalstoryofjustice,morality,andredemptionfromoneofRussia'sgreatestnovelists.Sobeginsoneofthegreatestnovelseverwritten.Thenoveliscompellingandrewarding,fullofmeaningandsymbolism,andraisesprofoundquestionsabouttheindividualandsociety,andthenatureoffreewill.

《Poor Folk》是陀思妥耶夫斯基的处女作，创作于1844至1845年间，以书信体形式展开。故事围绕两位贫困表亲——卑微的小公务员Makar Devushkin和孤女Varvara Dobroselova之间的独特友谊展开。两人通过书信倾诉生活困境：Makar在彼得堡挣扎求生，靠抄写文书维生，性格敏感自卑；Varvara则寄居富户家中当女仆，饱受屈辱却保有对文学的热爱。他们的通信起初充满温情，探讨文学、人性与苦难，但随着Varvara被富商Mr. Bykov求婚的诱惑动摇，逐渐疏远Makar，最终因阶级差异导致关系破裂。 小说以细腻笔触描绘了19世纪俄罗斯底层人民的生存图景，揭露社会贫富分化之痛。Dostoyevsky通过书信体实验，展现人物内心世界的复杂性——Makar的卑微与自我怀疑，Varvara的矛盾与觉醒。批评家贝尔林斯基称其为“俄罗斯首部社会小说”，赫尔岑则视其为社会主义文学先声，但亦有学者指出文本中暗含对浪漫主义的戏谑解构。作品虽因结构松散、人物扁平遭诟病，却奠定了陀氏对人性深度与社会批判的终身探索。

TheGamblerisashortnovelbyFyodorDostoevskyaboutayoungtutor,AlexeiIvanovichwhoisworkingforaRussianfamilylivinginasuiteataGermanhotel.Thefirst-personnarrativeistoldfromthepointofviewofhim.Thepatriarchofthefamily,TheGeneral,isindebtedtotheFrenchmandeGriersandhasmortgagedhispropertyinRussiatopayonlyasmallamountofhisdebt.Uponlearningoftheillnessofhiswealthyaunt,"Grandmother",hesendsstreamsoftelegramstoMoscowandawaitsthenewsofherdemise.HisexpectedinheritancewillpayhisdebtsandgainMademoiselleBlanchedeCominges'shandinmarriage.Itisastunningpsychologicalportraitofayoungman'sexhilaratinganddestructiveaddiction,acompulsionthatDostoevsky–whooncegambledawayhisyoungwife'sweddingring–knewintimatelyfromhisownexperience.Inthedisastrousloveaffairsandgamblingadventuresofhischaracter,AlexeiIvanovich,DostoevskyexplorestheirresistibletemptationtolookintotheabyssofultimateriskthathebelievedwasanessentialpartoftheRussiannationalcharacter.Dostoevskycompletedthenovelunderastrictdeadlinetopayoffgamblingdebts.

《The Double》是陀思妥耶夫斯基早期创作的中篇小说，首次出版于1846年，后经作者于1866年修订再版。故事围绕主人公雅科夫·彼得罗维奇·戈利亚德金展开，他是一名地位卑微的俄国公务员（九等文官），性格懦弱、自卑且社交能力匮乏。一次心理医生鲁滕施皮茨的警告成为转折点：医生指出他的行为具有危险的反社会倾向，并建议他融入社交圈以改善现状。然而，戈利亚德金在未经邀请的情况下闯入上司女儿的生日宴会，因一连串尴尬举止被驱逐。归途中，他在暴雪中遭遇了与自己容貌完全相同的“分身”——戈利亚德金 junior。这位分身自信张扬、八面玲珑，迅速渗透进主角的生活，不仅抢走同事们的青睐，更逐步瓦解他的社交与情感根基。两人从短暂的“友谊”走向激烈的自我争夺战：分身利用主角的怯懦，通过精妙的言语操控和社交手腕，窃取他的职位、人际关系，甚至试图取代他在精神世界的存在。随着分身制造的幻象与现实交织，戈利亚德金陷入多重人格的幻觉，最终在精神崩溃中被送入精神病院。小说以细腻的心理描写和极具张力的双人格博弈，探讨了自我认同、社会压抑与人性分裂的深刻主题，被誉为19世纪俄国文学中对精神异化的经典刻画。

TheDoublewrittenbyFyodorDostoevskyisanovella.ItwasfirstpublishedonJanuary30,1846intheFatherlandNotes.ItwassubsequentlyrevisedandrepublishedbyDostoevskyin1866.TheDoublecentersonagovernmentclerkwhogoesmad.Itdealswiththeinternalpsychologicalstruggleofitsmaincharacter,YakovPetrovichGolyadkin,whorepeatedlyencounterssomeonewhoishisexactdoubleinappearancebutconfident,aggressive,andextroverted,characteristicsthatarethepolaroppositestothoseofthetoadying"pushover"protagonist.Themotifofthenovellaisadoppelg?nger(Russian"dvoynik"),knownthroughouttheworldinvariousguisessuchasthefetch.AseriesoffauxpasleadtoGolyadkin'sexpulsionfromthebirthdaypartyofhisofficemanager'sdaughter.Onhiswayhomethroughasnowstorm,heencountershisdouble,wholooksexactlylikehim.Atthestory'sconclusion,GolyadkinSr.beginstoseemanyreplicasofhimself,hasapsychoticbreak,andisdraggedofftoanasylumbyDoctorRutenspitz.

TheIdiotisanovelbythe19th-centuryRussianauthorFyodorDostoevsky.ItwasfirstpublishedseriallyinthejournalTheRussianMessengerin1868–1869.Thetitleisanironicreferencetothecentralcharacterofthenovel,PrinceLevNikolayevichMyshkin,ayoungmanfilledwithgoodness,open-heartedsimplicityandguilelessness,butmanyofthemoreworldlycharactersheencountersassumethathelacksintelligenceandinsight.InthecharacterofPrinceMyshkin,Dostoevskysethimselfthetaskofdepicting"thepositivelygoodandbeautifulman."Howerver,returningtoRussiafromasanitariuminSwitzerland,theChrist-likeepilepticPrinceMyshkinfindshimselfenmeshedinatangleoflove,tornbetweentwowomen—thenotoriouskeptwomanNastasyaandthepureAglaia—bothinvolved,inturn,withthecorrupt,money-hungryGanya.Intheend,Myshkin'shonesty,goodness,andintegrityareshowntobeunequaltothemoralemptinessofthosearoundhim.Thenovelexaminestheconsequencesofplacingsuchauniqueindividualatthecentreoftheconflicts,desires,passionsandegoismofworldlysociety.